Certificate and Documents

PREVILEAGES FOR COMMERCIAL PILOT (§ 61.133)

A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate may act as PIC of an a/c

a. Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire

b. For compensation or hire

Commercial pilot must be qualified and comply with the applicable of the regulations that apply to the particular operation being conducted, e.g. Part 91 or 135

LIMITATIONS (§ 61.133)

A person who applies for commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category rating and does NOT hold an INSTRUMENT RATING in the same category and class: “The carriage of passengers for hire in on x-country flights in excess of 50 NM or at night is prohibited:

COMMON CARRIAGE (AC 120-12A)

Common carriage is to the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of the carriage to the public.

A carrier becomes a common carriage when it “holds itself out” to the public or a segment of the public, as willing to provide transportation within the limits of its facilities to any person who wants it.

There are 4 elements in defining a common carriage.

a. A holding out or a willingness to

b. Transport persons or property

c. From place to place

d. For compensation

HOLDING OUT (AC 120-12A)

Holding out is offering to the public the carriage of persons and property for hire either intrastate or interstate.

Holding out makes a person a common carrier

Holding out can be done in many ways, and it does not matter how it is done.

a. Signs and advertising are the most direct means but are no the only ones.

b. A holding out may be accomplished through the actions of agents, agencies, or salesmen who may obtain passenger traffic from the general public and collect them into group to be carried by the operator.

c. Physically holding out w/o advertising, yet gaining a reputation to serve all is sufficient to constitute an offer to carry all customers. For example, the expression of willingness al all customers with whom contact is made that the operator can and will perform the requested service is sufficient. It makes no difference if the holding out generates little success; the issue is the nature and character of the operation.

d. A carrier holding itself out as generally wiling to carry only certain kinds of traffic is nevertheless a common carrier

PRIVATE CARRIAGE (AC 120-12A)

Carriage for hire that does not involve holding out is private carriage.

Private carriage for hire is carriage for one or several selected customers, generally on a long-term basis.

The number of contracts must no be too great, otherwise it implies a willingness to make a contract with anybody.

A carrier operating with 18 to 24 contracts has been labeled a common carrier because it has held it self out to serve the general public to the extend of its facilities.

Private carriage has been found in case where 3 contracts have been the sole basis of the operator’s business, but the number of contracts is not the determine factor when assessing whether a particular operation is common carriage of private carriage; any proposal for revenue-generating flights that would most likely require certification as an air carrier should be examined closely if you intend to practice private carriage.

Examples

a. Carriage of the operator’s own employee or property

b. Carriage of participating members of a club.

c. Carriage of persons and property that is only incidental to the operator’s primary business enterprise.

CATEGORY, CLASS, TYPE (AC 120-12A)

	Category	Class	Type
Certificate of Airmen	Airplane	Single-Engine Land
Certificate of Aircraft	Normal	Airplane

PILOT’S PHYSICAL POSSESSION FOR PIC (§ 61.3)

a. Valid pilot certificate

b. Photo Identification

c. Current and appropriate Medical Certificate ( for Commercial Pilot 2^nd Medical Certificate required: 12 months valid)

CURRENT REQUIREMENTS AS A COMMERCIAL PILOT (§ 61.56, 57)

a. Pilot must have accomplished a flight review given in an a/c for which that pilot rated by an appropriately-rated instructor within 24 calendar months.

b. To carry passengers, a pilot must have made within the preceding 90 days:

1) 3 T/O & L/D a/c of the same category, class and type rating (if required)

2) If tail wheel airplane, must be full stop

3) If operations are to be conducted during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, with passengers on board, PIC must have made at least 3 T/O & L/D to a full stop during that period in an a/c of the same category, class and type

* Night Flight Time (§ 1): Time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight. All flight time that occurs during this period of time is considered “NIGHT” flight time

IS A COMMERCIAL PILOT REQUIRED TO LOG ALL FIGHT TIME? (§ 61.51)

Each person must document and record, in a manner acceptable to the Administrator, the training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for a certificate, rating or flight review of this part.

They must also documents and record the aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight experience requirements of this part.

SECOND-IN-COMMAND LOG FLIGHT TIME (§ 61.51)

A pilot may log second-in-command time only for that flight time during which that person:

1) Is qualified according to the SIC requirements of 14 CFR §61.55 and occupies a crewmember station in an a/c that requires more than 1 pilot by the a/c’ type certificate; or

2) Holds the appropriate category, class and instrument rating (if an instrument rating is required for the flight) for the a/c being flown, and more than 1 pilot is required under the type certification of the a/c of the regulations under which the flight is being conducted.

CARRY PASSENGERS IN FORMATION FLIGHT / RESTRICTED, LIMITED OR EXPERIMENTAL CATEGORY AIRCRAFT (§ 91.111, 313, 315, 317, 319)

No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.

No person may operate a restricted, limited, or experimental category aircraft carrying persons or property for hire.

TYPE RATING, ADDITIONAL TRAINING, REQUIREMENTS (§ 61.31)

a. Type rating required

1) Large aircraft (more than 12,500 lbs)

2) Turbojet-powered airplanes

3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator

b. Complex airplane (retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable pitch propeller) / High-performance airplanes (an engine of more than 200 HP)

1) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex / high-performance airplane or in a flight simulator of flight triaging device that representative of complex / high-performance airplane

       2) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot’s logbook

c. Pressurized aircraft (service ceiling or max. operating altitude, which ever is lower, above 25,000 ft MSL)

1) Received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person’s logbook or training record

2) The ground training must include high-altitude aerodynamics, meteorology, respiration, hypoxia, and duration of consciousness w/o supplemental oxygen

3) The flight training must include normal cruise flight operations, proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression, and emergency descent procedures.

REQUIRED DOCUMENTS ON BOARD AN AIRCRAFT (§ 91.9, 203)

Airworthiness Certificate

Registration Certificate

Radio Station License: if radio transmitter is to be operated outside the U.S

Operating Limitations: may take the form of an FAA-approved AFM/POH, placards, instrument markings, or any combination of the above.

Weight & Balance Data

DOCUMENT MUST BE DISPLAYED ON BOARD IN A/C (§ 91. 203)

Airworthiness Certificate or a special authorization issued is displayed at the cabin entrance of cockpit entrance so that it is legible to passengers and review.

AIRCRAFT LOGBOOK OR ENGINE LOGBOOK REQUIRED TO BE ON BOARD?

No. The regulations do not specifically state where the logbooks are to be kept, but specified that they should be made available upon request.

AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE INDICATED NORMAL / UTITLITY CATEGORIES (§ 23)

a. Normal category: Load factor of 3.8 Gs w/o structural failure.

                   Non-aerobatic operation

b. Utility Category: Load factor of 4.4 Gs.

                   Permit limited aerobatics, including spins (if approved)

PLACARDS REQUIRED TO BE ON THE A/C (POH 2-23)

Refer to Arrow POH 2-29

AIRSPEED COLOR-CODED MARKING SYSTEM (8083-25 )

White Arc: flap operating range

Lower limit of white arc: Vs0 (stall speed clean or specified configurations)

Upper limit of white arc: VFE (max. flap extension speed)

Green Arc: normal operating range

       Lower limit of green arc: Vs1 (stall speed clean configuration)

       Upper limit of green arc: VNO (max structural cruise speed)

Yellow Arc: caution range (operation in smooth air only)

Red Arc: VNE (max. speed for operation in smooth air only)

WHAT IS EQUIPMENT LIST AND WHERE IS IF FOUND? (8083-1)

Furnished with the aircraft is an equipment list that specifies all the required equipment and all equipment approved for installation in the aircraft.

The weight and arm of each item is included on the list, and all equipment installed when the aircraft left the factory is checked.

It is usually found with weight & balance data.

REQUIRED MAINTENENCE INSPECTIONS FOR A/C (§ 91. 409)

a. Annual inspection: within the preceding 12 calendar months.

b. 100-hour inspection: if carrying any person (other than a crewmember) for hire or giving flight instruction for hire.

100 HR INSPECTION SUSTITUTE FOR AN ANNUAL INSPECTION? (§ 91. 409)

No. an annual inspection is acceptable as a 100-hour inspection, but the reverse is not acceptable.

SUBSTITUTION FOR 100 HOUR INSPECTION (§ 91. 409)

The following may replace a 100-hour inspection

a. A/C inspected in accordance with an approved a/c inspection program under Part 125 or 135

b. Progressive inspections which provide for the complete inspection of an a/c by specifying the intervals in hours and days when routine and detailed inspections will be performed during a 12-calendar month period.

PROGRESSIVE INSPECTIONS

Event: 60 hours / 4 events to 1 cycle

Cycle: 240 hours / 1 cycle every 12 calendar months

During an event inspection, maintenance will service and inspect pre-determined location inspections.

Each aircraft is divided into 4 major sections. During each event, one of these locations will be serviced / inspected in great detail.

After 4 events, or one complete cycle, the airplane will have been thoroughly inspected from prop to rudder.

It takes 4 events to complete one cycle. Each aircraft has to go through one cycle every 12 calendar months.

REQUIRED MAINTENANCE & EQUIPMENT INSPECTION

Annual inspection (12 calendar months)

VOR check within 30 days

100 hour inspection

Altimeter (24 calendar months)

Transponder certification (24 calendar months)

ELT inspection (12 calendar months) and ELT batteries must be replaced after 1cumulative hour of use or 50% of total life expires

Static system (24 calendar months)

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE (8083-25)

Preventive maintenance is considered to be simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.

Certificated pilots, excluding student, sport and recreational pilots, may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft that is owned or operated by them provided that aircraft is not used in air carrier service.

 14 CFR Part 43 identifies typical preventive maintenance operations which includes such basic items as oil changes, wheel bearing lubrication, hydraulic fluid (brakes, landing gear system) refills.

AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES (8083-25: 8-12)

The unsafe condition may exist because of design defect, maintenance or other causes in the aircraft.

Used to notify aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to prescribe the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated

Are regulatory and must be complied with and owner’s responsibility to assure compliance with all pertinent AD’s

Divided into 2 category

       1) Emergency nature requiring immediate compliance upon receipt

2) Less urgent nature requiring compliance within a relatively longer period of time

REQUIRED INSTRUMENTS FOR VFR DAY/NIGHT & IFR (§ 91. 205)

DAY

Airspeed Indicator

Tachometer

Oil pressure gauge

Manifold Pressure gauge

Altimeter

Temperature gauge

Oil temperature gauge

ELT

Fuel gauge

Landing gear position indicator

Anti-collision light

Magnetic compass

Emergency equipment

Seat belts, shoulder harness

NIGHT

Fuses

Landing light

Anti-collision lights

Position light

Source of electrical energy

IFR

Generator (alternator)

Radios and navigation Equipment

Altimeter with altimeter setting knob

Ball (slip and skid)

Clock with secondhand

Attitude indicator

Rate of turn (TC)

Directional gyro (HD)

MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST (AC 91-67)

MEL is the specific inoperative equipment documents for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration number

MEL permits operation of aircraft under specific condition with inoperative equipment.

The FAA considers MEL as a Supplemental Type Certificate.

When FAA adopted the MEL concept, this allowed operations with inoperative equipment determined to be nonessential for safe flight.

INOPERATIVE EQUIPMENT FOR LEGAL FLIGHT (§ 91. 213)

1. Is the equipment required by the aircraft’s equipment list or the kind of equipment list? (in the POH / AFM)

2. Is the equipment required by the VFR-day type certificate requirements prescribed in the airworthiness certification regulation ? (in Maintenance Logbook / FAA website)

3. Is the equipment required by AD?

4. Is the equipment required by FAR § 91. 205, 207 ?

Pilot’s final determination to conform that inoperative instrument / equipment does not effect hazard under the anticipated operational conditions before release departure.

SPECIAL FLIGHT PERMINT (8083-25: 8-12)

Special Airworthiness Certificate authorizing operation of an aircraft that does not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is safe for a specific flight.

Before permit is issued, an FAA inspector may personally inspect a/c, or require it to be inspected by an FAA-certificated A&P mechanic or appropriately certificated repair stations to determine its safety for the intended flight.

Issued to allow the aircraft to be flown to a base where repairs, alterations, or maintenance can be performed; for delivering or exporting the aircraft; or for evacuating an aircraft from an area of impending danger.

May be obtained from the local FISO or Designated Airworthiness Representative.