PREVILEAGES
FOR COMMERCIAL PILOT (§ 61.133)
A person who holds a
commercial pilot certificate may act as PIC of an a/c
a.
Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire
b.
For compensation or hire
Commercial pilot must
be qualified and comply with the applicable of the regulations that apply to
the particular operation being conducted, e.g. Part 91 or 135
LIMITATIONS
(§ 61.133)
A
person who applies for commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category
rating and does NOT hold an INSTRUMENT RATING in the same category and class:
“The carriage of passengers for hire in on x-country flights in excess of 50 NM
or at night is prohibited:
COMMON
CARRIAGE (AC 120-12A)
Common carriage is to
the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability
of the carriage to the public.
A carrier becomes a
common carriage when it “holds itself out” to the public or a segment of the
public, as willing to provide transportation within the limits of its
facilities to any person who wants it.
There are 4 elements in
defining a common carriage.
a. A holding out or a willingness
to
b. Transport persons or
property
c. From place to place
d. For compensation
HOLDING
OUT (AC 120-12A)
Holding out is offering
to the public the carriage of persons and property for hire either intrastate
or interstate.
Holding out makes a
person a common carrier
Holding out can be done
in many ways, and it does not matter how it is done.
a. Signs and
advertising are the most direct means but are no the only ones.
b. A holding out may be
accomplished through the actions of agents, agencies, or salesmen who may
obtain passenger traffic from the general public and collect them into group to
be carried by the operator.
c. Physically holding
out w/o advertising, yet gaining a reputation to serve all is sufficient to constitute
an offer to carry all customers. For example, the expression of willingness al
all customers with whom contact is made that the operator can and will perform
the requested service is sufficient. It makes no difference if the holding out generates
little success; the issue is the nature and character of the operation.
d. A carrier holding
itself out as generally wiling to carry only certain kinds of traffic is nevertheless
a common carrier
PRIVATE
CARRIAGE (AC 120-12A)
Carriage for hire that
does not involve holding out is private carriage.
Private carriage for
hire is carriage for one or several selected customers, generally on a
long-term basis.
The number of contracts
must no be too great, otherwise it implies a willingness to make a contract
with anybody.
A carrier operating
with 18 to 24 contracts has been labeled a common carrier because it has held
it self out to serve the general public to the extend of its facilities.
Private carriage has been
found in case where 3 contracts have been the sole basis of the operator’s
business, but the number of contracts is not the determine factor when
assessing whether a particular operation is common carriage of private
carriage; any proposal for revenue-generating flights that would most likely require
certification as an air carrier should be examined closely if you intend to
practice private carriage.
Examples
a. Carriage of the
operator’s own employee or property
b. Carriage of
participating members of a club.
c. Carriage of persons
and property that is only incidental to the operator’s primary business
enterprise.
CATEGORY,
CLASS, TYPE (AC 120-12A)
|
|
Category
|
Class
|
Type
|
|
Certificate of Airmen
|
Airplane
|
Single-Engine Land
|
|
|
Certificate of Aircraft
|
Normal
|
Airplane
|
|
PILOT’S
PHYSICAL POSSESSION FOR PIC (§ 61.3)
a. Valid pilot
certificate
b. Photo Identification
c. Current and
appropriate Medical Certificate ( for Commercial Pilot 2nd Medical
Certificate required: 12 months valid)
CURRENT
REQUIREMENTS AS A COMMERCIAL PILOT (§ 61.56, 57)
a. Pilot must have
accomplished a flight review given in an a/c for which that pilot rated by an
appropriately-rated instructor within 24 calendar months.
b. To carry passengers,
a pilot must have made within the preceding 90 days:
1) 3 T/O & L/D a/c
of the same category, class and type rating (if required)
2)
If tail wheel airplane, must be full stop
3) If operations are to
be conducted during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour
before sunrise, with passengers on board, PIC must have made at least 3 T/O
& L/D to a full stop during that period in an a/c of the same category,
class and type
* Night Flight Time (§
1): Time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning
civil twilight. All flight time that occurs during this period of time is
considered “NIGHT” flight time
IS
A COMMERCIAL PILOT REQUIRED TO LOG ALL FIGHT TIME? (§ 61.51)
Each person must
document and record, in a manner acceptable to the Administrator, the training
and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for a certificate,
rating or flight review of this part.
They must also
documents and record the aeronautical experience required for meeting the
recent flight experience requirements of this part.
SECOND-IN-COMMAND
LOG FLIGHT TIME (§ 61.51)
A pilot may log
second-in-command time only for that flight time during which that person:
1) Is qualified
according to the SIC requirements of 14 CFR §61.55 and occupies a crewmember
station in an a/c that requires more than 1 pilot by the a/c’ type certificate;
or
2) Holds the
appropriate category, class and instrument rating (if an instrument rating is
required for the flight) for the a/c being flown, and more than 1 pilot is
required under the type certification of the a/c of the regulations under which
the flight is being conducted.
CARRY
PASSENGERS IN FORMATION FLIGHT / RESTRICTED, LIMITED OR EXPERIMENTAL CATEGORY
AIRCRAFT (§ 91.111, 313, 315, 317, 319)
No person may operate
an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.
No person may operate a
restricted, limited, or experimental category aircraft carrying persons or
property for hire.
TYPE
RATING, ADDITIONAL TRAINING, REQUIREMENTS (§ 61.31)
a. Type rating required
1) Large aircraft (more
than 12,500 lbs)
2)
Turbojet-powered airplanes
3) Other aircraft
specified by the Administrator
b.
Complex airplane (retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable pitch
propeller) / High-performance airplanes (an engine of more than 200 HP)
1) Received and logged
ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex /
high-performance airplane or in a flight simulator of flight triaging device
that representative of complex / high-performance airplane
2)
Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot’s logbook
c.
Pressurized aircraft (service ceiling or max. operating altitude, which ever is
lower, above 25,000 ft MSL)
1) Received and logged
ground training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in
the person’s logbook or training record
2) The ground training
must include high-altitude aerodynamics, meteorology, respiration, hypoxia, and
duration of consciousness w/o supplemental oxygen
3) The flight training
must include normal cruise flight operations, proper emergency procedures for
simulated rapid decompression, and emergency descent procedures.
REQUIRED
DOCUMENTS ON BOARD AN AIRCRAFT (§ 91.9, 203)
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Radio Station License: if radio transmitter is to be
operated outside the U.S
Operating Limitations: may take the form of an
FAA-approved AFM/POH, placards, instrument markings, or any combination of the
above.
Weight & Balance Data
DOCUMENT
MUST BE DISPLAYED ON BOARD IN A/C (§ 91. 203)
Airworthiness Certificate
or a special authorization issued is displayed at the cabin entrance of cockpit
entrance so that it is legible to passengers and review.
AIRCRAFT
LOGBOOK OR ENGINE LOGBOOK REQUIRED TO BE ON BOARD?
No. The regulations do
not specifically state where the logbooks are to be kept, but specified that
they should be made available upon request.
AIRWORTHINESS
CERTIFICATE INDICATED NORMAL / UTITLITY CATEGORIES (§ 23)
a. Normal category:
Load factor of 3.8 Gs w/o structural failure.
Non-aerobatic operation
b. Utility Category:
Load factor of 4.4 Gs.
Permit limited aerobatics,
including spins (if approved)
PLACARDS
REQUIRED TO BE ON THE A/C (POH 2-23)
Refer to Arrow POH 2-29
AIRSPEED
COLOR-CODED MARKING SYSTEM (8083-25 )
White Arc: flap
operating range
Lower limit of white
arc: Vs0 (stall speed clean or specified
configurations)
Upper limit of white
arc: VFE (max. flap extension speed)
Green Arc: normal
operating range
Lower limit of green arc: Vs1 (stall speed clean
configuration)
Upper limit of green arc: VNO
(max structural cruise speed)
Yellow Arc: caution
range (operation in smooth air only)
Red Arc: VNE
(max. speed for operation in smooth air only)
WHAT
IS EQUIPMENT LIST AND WHERE IS IF FOUND? (8083-1)
Furnished with the
aircraft is an equipment list that specifies all the required equipment and all
equipment approved for installation in the aircraft.
The weight and arm of
each item is included on the list, and all equipment installed when the
aircraft left the factory is checked.
It is usually found
with weight & balance data.
REQUIRED
MAINTENENCE INSPECTIONS FOR A/C (§ 91. 409)
a. Annual inspection:
within the preceding 12 calendar months.
b. 100-hour inspection:
if carrying any person (other than a crewmember) for hire or giving flight
instruction for hire.
100
HR INSPECTION SUSTITUTE FOR AN ANNUAL INSPECTION? (§ 91. 409)
No. an annual
inspection is acceptable as a 100-hour inspection, but the reverse is not
acceptable.
SUBSTITUTION
FOR 100 HOUR INSPECTION (§ 91. 409)
The following may
replace a 100-hour inspection
a. A/C inspected in
accordance with an approved a/c inspection program under Part 125 or 135
b. Progressive
inspections which provide for the complete inspection of an a/c by specifying
the intervals in hours and days when routine and detailed inspections will be
performed during a 12-calendar month period.
PROGRESSIVE
INSPECTIONS
Event: 60 hours / 4
events to 1 cycle
Cycle: 240 hours / 1
cycle every 12 calendar months
During an event
inspection, maintenance will service and inspect pre-determined location
inspections.
Each aircraft is
divided into 4 major sections. During each event, one of these locations will
be serviced / inspected in great detail.
After 4 events, or one
complete cycle, the airplane will have been thoroughly inspected from prop to
rudder.
It takes 4 events to
complete one cycle. Each aircraft has to go through one cycle every 12 calendar
months.
REQUIRED
MAINTENANCE & EQUIPMENT INSPECTION
Annual inspection (12
calendar months)
VOR check within 30 days
100 hour inspection
Altimeter (24 calendar
months)
Transponder certification
(24 calendar months)
ELT inspection (12
calendar months) and ELT batteries must be replaced after 1cumulative hour of
use or 50% of total life expires
Static system (24 calendar
months)
PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE (8083-25)
Preventive maintenance
is considered to be simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement
of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.
Certificated pilots,
excluding student, sport and recreational pilots, may perform preventive
maintenance on any aircraft that is owned or operated by them provided that
aircraft is not used in air carrier service.
14 CFR Part 43 identifies typical preventive
maintenance operations which includes such basic items as oil changes, wheel
bearing lubrication, hydraulic fluid (brakes, landing gear system) refills.
AIRWORTHINESS
DIRECTIVES (8083-25: 8-12)
The unsafe condition
may exist because of design defect, maintenance or other causes in the
aircraft.
Used to notify aircraft
owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to prescribe the
conditions under which the product may continue to be operated
Are regulatory and must
be complied with and owner’s responsibility to assure compliance with all
pertinent AD’s
Divided into 2 category
1) Emergency nature requiring immediate compliance upon
receipt
2) Less urgent nature
requiring compliance within a relatively longer period of time
REQUIRED
INSTRUMENTS FOR VFR DAY/NIGHT & IFR (§ 91. 205)
DAY
Airspeed Indicator
Tachometer
Oil pressure gauge
Manifold Pressure gauge
Altimeter
Temperature gauge
Oil temperature gauge
ELT
Fuel gauge
Landing gear position
indicator
Anti-collision light
Magnetic compass
Emergency equipment
Seat belts, shoulder
harness
NIGHT
Fuses
Landing light
Anti-collision lights
Position light
Source of electrical
energy
IFR
Generator (alternator)
Radios and navigation
Equipment
Altimeter with altimeter
setting knob
Ball (slip and skid)
Clock with secondhand
Attitude indicator
Rate of turn (TC)
Directional gyro (HD)
MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT LIST (AC 91-67)
MEL is the specific
inoperative equipment documents for a particular make and model aircraft by
serial and registration number
MEL permits operation
of aircraft under specific condition with inoperative equipment.
The FAA considers MEL
as a Supplemental Type Certificate.
When FAA adopted the
MEL concept, this allowed operations with inoperative equipment determined to
be nonessential for safe flight.
INOPERATIVE
EQUIPMENT FOR LEGAL FLIGHT (§ 91. 213)
1. Is the equipment
required by the aircraft’s equipment list or the kind of equipment list? (in
the POH / AFM)
2. Is the equipment
required by the VFR-day type certificate requirements prescribed in the
airworthiness certification regulation ? (in Maintenance Logbook / FAA website)
3. Is the equipment
required by AD?
4. Is the equipment
required by FAR § 91. 205, 207 ?
Pilot’s final
determination to conform that inoperative instrument / equipment does not
effect hazard under the anticipated operational conditions before release
departure.
SPECIAL
FLIGHT PERMINT (8083-25: 8-12)
Special Airworthiness
Certificate authorizing operation of an aircraft that does not currently meet
applicable airworthiness requirements but is safe for a specific flight.
Before permit is
issued, an FAA inspector may personally inspect a/c, or require it to be
inspected by an FAA-certificated A&P mechanic or appropriately certificated
repair stations to determine its safety for the intended flight.
Issued to allow the
aircraft to be flown to a base where repairs, alterations, or maintenance can
be performed; for delivering or exporting the aircraft; or for evacuating an
aircraft from an area of impending danger.
May be obtained from
the local FISO or Designated Airworthiness Representative.
